在DRF官方教程的学习过程中,一个很明显的感受是框架在不断地进行封装,我们自己写框架/工具/脚本/平台也可以模仿模仿,先完成底层代码,再做多层封装,让使用者很容易就上手操作。本文是教程的最后一篇,介绍ViewSets和Routers。
ViewSets先看看之前在给User模型创建Endpoint时,我们新增的2个视图:
class UserList(generics.ListAPIView): queryset = User.objects.all() serializer_class = UserSerializerclass UserDetail(generics.RetrieveAPIView): queryset = User.objects.all() serializer_class = UserSerializer
DRF提供了rest_framework.viewsets:
可以把它们合成一个视图。
ReadOnlyModelViewSetset是集合的意思,ViewSets就是视图集合。
我们先使用ReadOnlyModelViewSet把UserList和UserDetail视图合并成一个UserViewSet:
from rest_framework import viewsetsclass UserViewSet(viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet): """ This viewset automatically provides `list` and `retrieve` actions. """ queryset = User.objects.all() serializer_class = UserSerializer
viewsets.ReadOnlyModelViewSet是只读视图集合,源码如下:
class ReadOnlyModelViewSet(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, GenericViewSet): """ A viewset that provides default `list()` and `retrieve()` actions. """ pass
它继承了mixins.RetrieveModelMixin、mixins.ListModelMixin和GenericViewSet:
mixins.RetrieveModelMixin
class RetrieveModelMixin: """ Retrieve a model instance. """ def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs): instance = self.get_object() serializer = self.get_serializer(instance) return Response(serializer.data)
mixins.ListModelMixin
class ListModelMixin: """ List a queryset. """ def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs): queryset = self.filter_queryset(self.get_queryset()) page = self.paginate_queryset(queryset) if page is not None: serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True) return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data) serializer = self.get_serializer(queryset, many=True) return Response(serializer.data)
viewsets.GenericViewSet
class GenericViewSet(ViewSetMixin, generics.GenericAPIView): """ The GenericViewSet class does not provide any actions by default, but does include the base set of generic view behavior, such as the `get_object` and `get_queryset` methods. """ pass
从源码可以看出,它提供了list()和retrieve()2个方法,正好对应UserList和UserDetail。
ModelViewSet再使用ModelViewSet把SnippetList、SnippetDetail和SnippetHighlight视图合并成一个SnippetViewSet:
from rest_framework.decorators import actionfrom rest_framework.response import Responsefrom rest_framework import permissionsclass SnippetViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): """ This viewset automatically provides `list`, `create`, `retrieve`, `update` and `destroy` actions. Additionally we also provide an extra `highlight` action. """ queryset = Snippet.objects.all() serializer_class = SnippetSerializer permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly, IsOwnerOrReadOnly] @action(detail=True, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer]) def highlight(self, request, *args, **kwargs): snippet = self.get_object() return Response(snippet.highlighted) def perform_create(self, serializer): serializer.save(owner=self.request.user)
@action装饰器用来创建除了create/update/delete以外的action,默认为GET请求,如果想改为POST请求,可以添加参数methods,它的源码如下:
def action(methods=None, detail=None, url_path=None, url_name=None, **kwargs): """ Mark a ViewSet method as a routable action. `@action`-decorated functions will be endowed with a `mapping` property, a `MethodMapper` that can be used to add additional method-based behaviors on the routed action. :param methods: A list of HTTP method names this action responds to. Defaults to GET only. :param detail: Required. Determines whether this action applies to instance/detail requests or collection/list requests. :param url_path: Define the URL segment for this action. Defaults to the name of the method decorated. :param url_name: Define the internal (`reverse`) URL name for this action. Defaults to the name of the method decorated with underscores replaced with dashes. :param kwargs: Additional properties to set on the view. This can be used to override viewset-level *_classes settings, equivalent to how the `@renderer_classes` etc. decorators work for function- based API views. """ methods = ['get'] if (methods is None) else methods methods = [method.lower() for method in methods] assert detail is not None, ( "@action() missing required argument: 'detail'" ) # name and suffix are mutually exclusive if 'name' in kwargs and 'suffix' in kwargs: raise TypeError("`name` and `suffix` are mutually exclusive arguments.") def decorator(func): func.mapping = MethodMapper(func, methods) func.detail = detail func.url_path = url_path if url_path else func.__name__ func.url_name = url_name if url_name else func.__name__.replace('_', '-') # These kwargs will end up being passed to `ViewSet.as_view()` within # the router, which eventually delegates to Django's CBV `View`, # which assigns them as instance attributes for each request. func.kwargs = kwargs # Set descriptive arguments for viewsets if 'name' not in kwargs and 'suffix' not in kwargs: func.kwargs['name'] = pretty_name(func.__name__) func.kwargs['description'] = func.__doc__ or None return func return decorator
viewsets.ModelViewSet包含了增删改查视图集合,源码如下:
class ModelViewSet(mixins.CreateModelMixin, mixins.RetrieveModelMixin, mixins.UpdateModelMixin, mixins.DestroyModelMixin, mixins.ListModelMixin, GenericViewSet): """ A viewset that provides default `create()`, `retrieve()`, `update()`, `partial_update()`, `destroy()` and `list()` actions. """ pass
它继承了mixins.CreateModelMixin、mixins.RetrieveModelMixin、mixins.UpdateModelMixin、mixins.DestroyModelMixin、mixins.ListModelMixin、GenericViewSet:
其中mixins.RetrieveModelMixin、mixins.ListModelMixin和GenericViewSet在前面已经介绍过了
mixins.CreateModelMixin
class CreateModelMixin: """ Create a model instance. """ def create(self, request, *args, **kwargs): serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) self.perform_create(serializer) headers = self.get_success_headers(serializer.data) return Response(serializer.data, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, headers=headers) def perform_create(self, serializer): serializer.save() def get_success_headers(self, data): try: return {'Location': str(data[api_settings.URL_FIELD_NAME])} except (TypeError, KeyError): return {}
mixins.UpdateModelMixin
class UpdateModelMixin: """ Update a model instance. """ def update(self, request, *args, **kwargs): partial = kwargs.pop('partial', False) instance = self.get_object() serializer = self.get_serializer(instance, data=request.data, partial=partial) serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True) self.perform_update(serializer) if getattr(instance, '_prefetched_objects_cache', None): # If 'prefetch_related' has been applied to a queryset, we need to # forcibly invalidate the prefetch cache on the instance. instance._prefetched_objects_cache = {} return Response(serializer.data) def perform_update(self, serializer): serializer.save() def partial_update(self, request, *args, **kwargs): kwargs['partial'] = True return self.update(request, *args, **kwargs)
mixins.DestroyModelMixin
class DestroyModelMixin: """ Destroy a model instance. """ def destroy(self, request, *args, **kwargs): instance = self.get_object() self.perform_destroy(instance) return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT) def perform_destroy(self, instance): instance.delete()修改URLConf
视图改为ViewSet后,需要同时修改URLConf,编辑snippets/urls.py:
from snippets.views import SnippetViewSet, UserViewSet, api_rootfrom rest_framework import rendererssnippet_list = SnippetViewSet.as_view({ 'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})snippet_detail = SnippetViewSet.as_view({ 'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})snippet_highlight = SnippetViewSet.as_view({ 'get': 'highlight'}, renderer_classes=[renderers.StaticHTMLRenderer])user_list = UserViewSet.as_view({ 'get': 'list'})user_detail = UserViewSet.as_view({ 'get': 'retrieve'})urlpatterns = format_suffix_patterns([ path('', api_root), path('snippets/', snippet_list, name='snippet-list'), path('snippets//', snippet_detail, name='snippet-detail'), path('snippets//highlight/', snippet_highlight, name='snippet-highlight'), path('users/', user_list, name='user-list'), path('users//', user_detail, name='user-detail')])
注意,ViewSet需要绑定http methods和action,以指定请求方法对应的处理动作。
Routers使用ViewSet的一大好处是可以自动配置路由,DRF提供了rest_framework.routers:
我们重新编写snippets/urls.py看看是什么效果:
from django.urls import path, includefrom rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouterfrom snippets import views# Create a router and register our viewsets with it.router = DefaultRouter()router.register(r'snippets', views.SnippetViewSet)router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)# The API URLs are now determined automatically by the router.urlpatterns = [ path('', include(router.urls)),]
真是厉害!这封装简直高级!而且DefaultRouter提供了API根目录的Endpoint,我们甚至可以把views.py中的api_root也删了。