万字干货-提升十倍运维效率-Ansible入门到精通

此工具用来显示模块帮助格式

ansible-doc [options] [module...]
-l, --list            #列出可用模块
-s, --snippet        #显示指定模块的playbook片段

范例：

#列出所有模块
ansible-doc -l
#查看指定模块帮助用法
ansible-doc ping  
#查看指定模块帮助用法
ansible-doc -s  ping 

此工具通过ssh协议，实现对远程主机的配置管理、应用部署、任务执行等功能建议：使用此工具前，先配置ansible主控端能基于密钥认证的方式联系各个被管理节点范例：利用sshpass批量实现基于key验证

#!/bin/bash
ssh-keygen -f /root/.ssh/id_rsa  -P ''
NET=192.168.100
export SSHPASS=magedu
for IP in {1..200};do 
    sshpass -e ssh-copy-id  $NET.$IP 
done

格式：

ansible <host-pattern> [-m module_name] [-a args]

选项说明：

--version              #显示版本
-m module           #指定模块，默认为command
-v                     #详细过程 –vv  -vvv更详细
--list-hosts          #显示主机列表，可简写 --list
-k, --ask-pass         #提示输入ssh连接密码，默认Key验证
-C, --check           #检查，并不执行
-T, --timeout=TIMEOUT #执行命令的超时时间，默认10s
-u, --user=REMOTE_USER #执行远程执行的用户
-b, --become          #代替旧版的sudo 切换
--become-user=USERNAME  #指定sudo的runas用户，默认为root
-K, --ask-become-pass  #提示输入sudo时的口令

ansible的Host-pattern 用于匹配被控制的主机的列表 All ：表示所有Inventory中的所有主机范例

ansible all –m ping

*:通配符

ansible  “*”  -m ping
ansible  192.168.1.* -m ping
ansible  “srvs”  -m ping

或关系

ansible “websrvs:appsrvs”  -m ping
ansible “192.168.1.10:192.168.1.20”  -m ping

逻辑与

#在websrvs组并且在dbsrvs组中的主机
ansible “websrvs:&dbsrvs” –m ping 

逻辑非

#在websrvs组，但不在dbsrvs组中的主机
#注意：此处为单引号
ansible ‘websrvs:!dbsrvs’ –m ping 

综合逻辑

ansible ‘websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs’ –m ping

正则表达式

ansible “websrvs:dbsrvs” –m ping 
ansible “~(web|db).*\.magedu\.com” –m ping 

ansible命令执行过程

1. 加载自己的配置文件 默认/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

2. 加载自己对应的模块文件，如：command

3. 通过ansible将模块或命令生成对应的临时py文件，并将该文件传输至远程服务器的对应执行用户$HOME/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-数字/XXX.PY文件

4. 给文件+x执行

5. 执行并返回结果

6. 删除临时py文件，退出

ansible 的执行状态：

[root@centos8 ~]#grep -A 14 '\[colors\]' /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
[colors]
#highlight = white
#verbose = blue
#warn = bright purple
#error = red
#debug = dark gray
#deprecate = purple
#skip = cyan
#unreachable = red
#ok = green
#changed = yellow
#diff_add = green
#diff_remove = red
#diff_lines = cyan

• 绿色：执行成功并且不需要做改变的操作

• 黄色：执行成功并且对目标主机做变更

• 红色：执行失败

ansible使用范例

#以wang用户执行ping存活检测
ansible all -m ping -u wang  -k
#以wang sudo至root执行ping存活检测
ansible all -m ping -u wang -k -b
#以wang sudo至mage用户执行ping存活检测
ansible all -m ping -u wang -k -b --become-user=mage
#以wang sudo至root用户执行ls
ansible all -m command  -u wang -a 'ls /root' -b --become-user=root    -k -K

ansible-playbook hello.yml
cat  hello.yml
---
#hello world yml file
- hosts: websrvs
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: hello world
      command: /usr/bin/wall hello world

ansible-vault [create|decrypt|edit|encrypt|rekey|view]

ansible-vault encrypt hello.yml     #加密
ansible-vault decrypt hello.yml     #解密
ansible-vault view hello.yml         #查看
ansible-vault edit  hello.yml         #编辑加密文件
ansible-vault rekey  hello.yml         #修改口令
ansible-vault create new.yml         #创建新文件

执行用户@当前操作的主机组 (当前组的主机数量)[f:并发数]$

[root@ansible ~]#ansible-console
Welcome to the ansible console.
Type help or ? to list commands.

root@all (3)[f:5]$ list
10.0.0.8
10.0.0.7
10.0.0.6
root@all (3)[f:5]$ cd websrvs
root@websrvs (2)[f:5]$ list
10.0.0.7
10.0.0.8
root@websrvs (2)[f:5]$ forks 10
root@websrvs (2)[f:10]$ cd appsrvs
root@appsrvs (2)[f:5]$ yum name=httpd state=present
root@appsrvs (2)[f:5]$ service name=httpd state=started

#列出所有已安装的galaxy
ansible-galaxy list
#安装galaxy
ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.mysql
ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.redis
#删除galaxy
ansible-galaxy remove geerlingguy.redis

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 8.1.1911 (Core)
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc creates=/data/f1.txt cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 7.7.1908 (Core)
10.0.0.8 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
skipped, since /data/f1.txt exists
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'chdir=/etc removes=/data/f1.txt cat centos-release'
10.0.0.7 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
skipped, since /data/f1.txt does not exist
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
CentOS Linux release 8.1.1911 (Core)


ansible websrvs -m command -a ‘service vsftpd start’
ansible websrvs -m command -a ‘echo magedu |passwd --stdin wang’
ansible websrvs -m command -a 'rm -rf /data/'
ansible websrvs -m command -a 'echo hello > /data/hello.log'
ansible websrvs -m command -a "echo $HOSTNAME"

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a "echo $HOSTNAME"
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
ansible
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
ansible
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
centos7.wangxiaochun.com
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
centos8.localdomain

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo centos | passwd --stdin wang'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user wang.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user wang.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'ls -l /etc/shadow'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
---------- 1 root root 889 Mar  2 14:34 /etc/shadow
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
---------- 1 root root 944 Mar  2 14:34 /etc/shadow
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'echo hello > /data/hello.log'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m shell -a 'cat  /data/hello.log'
10.0.0.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hello
10.0.0.8 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hello

[root@ansible ~]#vim /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
#修改下面一行
module_name = shell

ansible websrvs  -m script -a /data/test.sh

#如目标存在，默认覆盖，此处指定先备份
ansible websrvs -m copy -a “src=/root/test1.sh dest=/tmp/test2.sh    owner=wang  mode=600 backup=yes”
#指定内容，直接生成目标文件
ansible websrvs -m copy -a "content='test line1\ntest line2' dest=/tmp/test.txt"
#复制/etc/下的文件，不包括/etc/目录自身
ansible websrvs -m copy -a “src=/etc/ dest=/backup”

ansible websrvs -m fetch -a ‘src=/root/test.sh dest=/data/scripts’

[root@ansible ~]#ansible   all -m  fetch -a 'src=/etc/redhat-release dest=/data/os'
[root@ansible ~]#tree /data/os/
/data/os/
├── 10.0.0.6
│   └── etc
│       └── redhat-release
├── 10.0.0.7
│   └── etc
│       └── redhat-release
└── 10.0.0.8
    └── etc
        └── redhat-release

6 directories, 3 files

#创建空文件
ansible all -m  file  -a 'path=/data/test.txt state=touch'
ansible all -m  file  -a 'path=/data/test.txt state=absent'
ansible all -m file -a "path=/root/test.sh owner=wang mode=755“
#创建目录
ansible all -m file -a "path=/data/mysql state=directory owner=mysql group=mysql"
#创建软链接
ansible all -m file -a ‘src=/data/testfile  dest=/data/testfile-link state=link’

ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=/data/foo.tgz dest=/var/lib/foo'
ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=/tmp/foo.zip dest=/data copy=no mode=0777'
ansible all -m unarchive -a 'src=https://example.com/example.zip dest=/data copy=no'

ansible websrvs -m archive  -a 'path=/var/log/ dest=/data/log.tar.bz2 format=bz2  owner=wang mode=0600'

ansible node1 -m hostname -a “name=websrv”
ansible 192.168.100.18 -m hostname -a 'name=node18.magedu.com'

#备份数据库脚本
[root@centos8 ~]#cat mysql_backup.sh
mysqldump -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=2 -q -uroot |gzip > /data/mysql_`date +%F_%T`.sql.gz
#创建任务
ansible 10.0.0.8 -m cron -a 'hour=2 minute=30 weekday=1-5 name="backup mysql" job=/root/mysql_backup.sh'
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &>/dev/null' name=Synctime"
#禁用计划任务
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &>/dev/null' name=Synctime disabled=yes"
#启用计划任务
ansible websrvs   -m cron -a "minute=*/5 job='/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &>/dev/null' name=Synctime disabled=no"
#删除任务
ansible websrvs -m cron -a "name='backup mysql' state=absent"
ansible websrvs -m cron -a 'state=absent name=Synctime'

ansible websrvs -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=present’  #安装
ansible websrvs -m yum -a ‘name=httpd state=absent’  #删除

ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=started enabled=yes'
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=stopped'
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=reloaded’
ansible all -m shell -a "sed -i 's/^Listen 80/Listen 8080/' /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf"
ansible all -m service -a 'name=httpd state=restarted'

#创建用户
ansible all -m user -a 'name=user1 comment=“test user” uid=2048 home=/app/user1 group=root'

ansible all -m user -a 'name=nginx comment=nginx uid=88 group=nginx groups="root,daemon" shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes create_home=no  home=/data/nginx non_unique=yes'

#删除用户及家目录等数据
ansible all -m user -a 'name=nginx state=absent remove=yes'

#创建组
ansible websrvs -m group  -a 'name=nginx gid=88 system=yes'
#删除组
ansible websrvs -m group  -a 'name=nginx state=absent'

ansible all -m   lineinfile -a "path=/etc/selinux/config regexp='^SELINUX=' line='SELINUX=enforcing'"
ansible all -m lineinfile  -a 'dest=/etc/fstab state=absent regexp="^#"'

ansible all -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp='^(UUID.*)' replace='#\1'"  
ansible all -m replace -a "path=/etc/fstab regexp='^#(.*)' replace='\1'"

ansible all -m setup
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_nodename"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_hostname"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_domain"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memtotal_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memory_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_memfree_mb"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_os_family"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_major_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_version"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_processor_vcpus"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_all_ipv4_addresses"
ansible all -m setup -a "filter=ansible_architecture"
ansible all -m  setup  -a "filter=ansible_processor*"

[root@ansible ~]#ansible all  -m  setup -a 'filter=ansible_python_version'
10.0.0.7 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_python_version": "2.7.5",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false
}
10.0.0.6 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_python_version": "2.6.6",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": false
}
10.0.0.8 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_python_version": "3.6.8",
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": false
}
[root@ansible ~]#

# A list of tasty fruits
- Apple
- Orange
- Strawberry
- Mango

[Apple,Orange,Strawberry,Mango]